化学名の大文字表記について(I)

◎ Capitalization of simple multiword chemical names (I)

Simple multiword chemical names are lowercased when used in the middle of a sentence but capitalized when used at the beginning of a sentence or in a title.
Middle of a sentence:

Wrong: We used Methyl Acetate as a substitute for acetone.
Right: We used methyl acetate as a substitute for acetone.

-> All parts of a multiword chemical name are capitalized in a title. Note that this depends on the casing of the title.


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生物名の大文字表記について

◎ Capitalization of organism names
Capitalize “Metazoa” and “Protozoa” when used as names of divisions
Example: Cladistics plays an important role in decoding the phylogenetic branching of Protozoa.

Lowercase “metazoa” and “protozoa” when used as plurals of metazoon and protozoon (common-noun designations)
Example: The individual metazoon dies, while the protozoa grows to full size.

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種小名の大文字化について(II)

◎ Capitalization of specific epithets (II)
Lowercase adjectives derived from scientific names

Incorrect: Infant mortality due to Group B Streptococcal infections increased by 30% from 2004 to 2005.
Correct: Infant mortality due to Group B streptococcal infections increased by 30% from 2004 to 2005.
The adjective “streptococcal” is derived from the genus “Streptococcus” and should not be capitalized.

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種小名の大文字化について(I)

◎ Capitalization of specific epithets (I)
The scientific name of most organisms follows binomial nomenclature: Scientific name = Genus + Specific epithet
Always lowercase the specific epithet wherever it appears in the paper, e.g., Escheria coli
Lowercase the specific epithet even when the genus name is abbreviated, e.g., The motor response of E. coli bacteria was studied.


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一般名の大文字表記について

◎ Capitalize a common name if it is derived from a proper noun

- Incorrect: The chlorophyll content and leaf area index of english ivy was measured.
- Correct: The chlorophyll content and leaf area index of English ivy was measured.

In the above example, “English” is a proper noun and should be capitalized.

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生物の大文字表記について(2)

◎ Do not capitalize common or vernacular names of plants and animals, i.e., when they are described in general contexts.

- Incorrect: Chronic exercise in Dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production.
- Correct: Chronic exercise in dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production.

In the above example, “dogs” is used in a general context and should not be capitalized.

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Capitalization

生物の大文字表記について(1)

◎ Capitalize genus names when they are used as formal names, but lowercase when they are used as common nouns

- Proper name: The decreasing population of /Gorilla g. beringei/ in Uganda is alarming.
- Common noun: The decreasing population of gorillas in Uganda is alarming

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地名の表記ついて

◎ Capitalize a foreign generic term that forms part of the geographic name: the Rio Grande

Do not include the English term

Incorrect: The Rio Grande River
Correct: The Rio Grande

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地名の表記ついて

When referring to two of the same geographic feature, the generic term is usually pluralized.

Capitalize the plural generic term if

1. It is part of the proper geographic name: We studied the bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands.
2. It is used “before” two or more proper names: Toxic materials were released into Lakes Sagami and Tsukui.

Some style guides say that the plural generic term should not be capitalized when used “after” two or more proper names, while others say it should.

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More on capitalization

地名の表記ついて

In a geographic name, do not capitalize the generic term when it is used descriptively rather than as part of the proper name.

- Incorrect: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara Desert, is one of the most thermo-tolerant land animals.
- Correct: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara desert, is one of the most thermo tolerant land animals.
- Also Correct: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara, is one of the most thermo-tolerant land animals.

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Capitalization with geographic names and proper nouns

地名の表記ついて

In a geographic name, the generic term is the common noun like “lake,” “river,” etc. Capitalize the generic term when the it is a part of the “proper” geographic name:

- Incorrect: We conducted a haplotype analysis of the Black forest families.
- Correct: We conducted a haplotype analysis of the Black Forest families.

Always consult a dictionary like Webster’s Geographical Dictionary for the proper geographic name.

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Compounds with self

“self”で始まる複合語について

All compounds that begin with “self” are hyphenated, even if they are not used as adjectives.

- Hyphen: It was a self-accelerating reaction.
- Also hyphen: The reaction was self-accelerating.

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Three-word modifiers

3単語をハイフンでつなぐ場合について

◎ Three-word modifiers with a preposition or conjunction as the middle word are usually hyphenated for clarity. For example, signal-to-noise ratio, black-and-white pattern, month-by-month analysis

Always consult a style manual or dictionary to determine whether to hyphenate.

Caution! Do not confuse a suspended hyphen with that used above.

- Incorrect: five-to-ten-second ranges
- Correct: five- to ten-second ranges


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修飾語とハイフンをつなぐ場合について

◎ Hyphenate unit modifiers containing "low," "high," "small," and
"large" if the meaning is unclear.

- Unclear: high energy density physics
- Clear: high-energy density physics

- Unclear: Low frequency temperature variations
- Clear: Low-frequency temperature variations

Note that if the meaning is clear, the compound should be left open, e.g., large duplex loop.


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ハイフンでつながない場合について

◎ Do not hyphenate multiplying prefixes:

- Incorrect: hexa-hydrate
- Correct: hexahydrate

- Incorrect: quater-thiophenes
- Correct: quaterthiophenes

- Incorrect: 1,3-bis-(bromomethyl)benzene
- Correct: 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene

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1文字の大文字をハイフンでつなぐ場合について

◎ Typically, compounds in which the first element is a single capital letter are hyphenated. For example, U-turn, X-ray, H-bomb, S-wave

Note that “X-ray” is also hyphenated when it is lowercase, i.e., when it functions as a verb:
- Uppercase: They took X-rays of the baggage.
- Lowercase: The baggage was x-rayed.

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親族に使うハイフンについて

◎ Hyphenation with different family relationships:

1. Use hyphen with family relations with ‘in-law’ (brother-in-law)
2. Optional hyphen with family relations preceded by ‘great’ (great grandmother or great-grandmother)
3. No hyphen with two-word expressions (half sister) or one-word expressions (stepsister)


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Hyphenation with "fold"

ハイフンと同時に使う“fold”について

◎ Now we explain when to hyphenate and when not to hyphenate with the suffix “fold”

- Hyphen: Numeral + “fold”: 2-fold, 10-fold, etc.
- No hyphen: spelled out number + “fold”: twofold, tenfold, etc.

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Hyphenation with "well"

ハイフンと同時に使う“well”について

◎ Here we explain when to hyphenate and when not to hyphenate with the word “well.”

- Hyphenate “well” when it is used in combination with a participle “before” the noun it describes: Hyphenate: It is a well-known theorem.
- Do not hyphenate “well” when it is used “after” the noun it describes: The theorem is well known.


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本や論文から引用する際のフレーズ

◎ Citations are very important to credit other authors, and avoid
plagiarism. We give you four scenarios of when to cite:

- Cite direct quotations taken from another paper, conference, or book
- Cite information that you have paraphrased (or rewritten)
- Cite opinions and interpretations taken from other sources
- Cite words and phrases that are unique to an author's research


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More on hyphens

文章を明確にするためのハイフン

◎ Hyphens are also used with numbers only for the purpose of clarity. For example,
Unclear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24 well plates.
Clear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24-well plates.

In this example, if the hyphen was not used, then it could be thought that there were 24 “well plates.” Inserting the hyphen clarifies that each plate has 24 wells.

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Usage of hyphens

ハイフンを使った数字の表現

◎ Hyphens are used with spelled-out numbers from twenty-one (21) to ninety-nine (99).

Incorrect: nine-teen, five-hundred
Correct: nineteen, five hundred



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Presenting numerical data

数値データの様々な表現方法

◎ There are many ways to present numerical data in an academic paper:

- A pipe that was 2 cm long was used to aid in burial.
- A pipe, 2 cm in length, was used to aid in burial.
- A 2-cm pipe was used to aid in burial

In the third example, the numeral and unit modify the noun pipe, and are hyphenated.

Other examples:
- wave of 4 feet -> 4-foot wave
- tube with a diameter of 6 mm -> 6-mm-diameter tube

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Cardinal and ordinal numbers

数字について

◎ In academic papers, cardinal (zero, one, two…) and ordinal (first, second, and third) numbers are used in combination with nouns and adjectives to modify other nouns. In such cases, a hyphen is usually used after the number. Consider the following
combinations.

Example 1: The implications for zero-base budgeting were analyzed.
Example 2: As a result, the following second-order equation was obtained.

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Using hyphens for word count reduction

単語の省略について

◎ Consider the following sentence: We selected 3-year-old, 4-year-old, and 5-year-old children in our sample.

In this sentence, “year-old” is repeating. To shorten this sentence, we can suspend the hyphens after 3 and 4. That is, we can write the sentence as “We selected 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in our sample.”

Other examples:
-> 25- to 50-mg samples
-> first- and second-order reactions

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Using abbreviations without redundancy

略語の使い方について

◎ Abbreviations such as AIDS and ATM are often followed by the words “syndrome” and “machine,” respectively. This is awkward because then the phrases will be read as “acquired immune deficiency syndrome syndrome” and “automated teller machine machine.”

This can be avoided by verifying that the last letter of the abbreviation does not stand for the word that follows it.

Wordy: An LED diode was used as a light source in the detector.
Concise: An LED was used as a light source in the detector.

Effective usage of pronouns

代名詞の使用について

◎ Pronouns such as “it” and “this” can be used very effectively to avoid repetition. They should be used to replace nouns, when the noun is repeated in successive phrases or sentences.

Wordy: Under certain concentrations of methotrexate, the DHFR gene and also the DHFR gene’s product are amplified.
Concise: Under certain concentrations of methotrexate, the DHFR gene and its product are amplified.

-> In this example, the possessive pronoun “its” is used instead of the phrase “the DHFR gene’s.”

Single verbs vs. wordy noun phrases

動詞の利用について(2)

◎ In any manuscript, single verbs should be used to replace wordy noun phrases wherever possible.

Wordy: Our results are found to be in agreement with those of Xing et al.
Concise: Our results agree with those of Xing et al.

Other examples:
- gave a report -> reported
- made an analysis -> analyzed
- offered a suggestion -> suggested

Effective verb usage

動詞の利用について(1)

◎ Use verbs effectively when introducing the contents of your paper, study, tables, and figures.

Wordy: In this study, an analysis of the high-energy compound phosphoenol pyruvate is shown.
Concise: This study analyzes the high-energy compound phosphoenol pyruvate.

Other options
- This paper presents/describes/examines/discusses
- This study analyzes/investigates/explores/supports

Usage of "both"

“both”について

◎ The word “both” is used to refer to “two” people or things. Therefore, it should not be used along with the word “two.”

Incorrect: Thus, both two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are obtained from one molecule of glucose.
Correct: Thus, both molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are obtained from one molecule of glucose.

Conjuctions "And" and "But"

“and”と”but”について

◎ The conjunction “and” is used to indicate additional information, while “but” is used to show contrast. Some publications consider it informal to use “and” and “but” at the beginning of a sentence.

Formal alternatives for “and”: in addition, further, furthermore, and moreover
Formal alternatives for “but”: however, on the other hand, nevertheless, and conversely

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Single vs Phrasal verbs

動詞の受け取られ方について

◎ Single verbs are considered more formal than phrasal verbs (usually verb + preposition) used to express the same action.

Informal: As the shuttle moves to the atmosphere, its surface catches fire.
Formal: As the shuttle approaches the atmosphere, its surface ignites.

Usage of "Contractions"

短縮形について

◎Contractions are formed by replacing some words with an apostrophe
(’). For example, “couldn’t” is a contraction for “could not” and “didn’t” is a contraction for “did not.”

Although widely used in speeches and also accepted in fields such as philosophy, contractions should generally be avoided when writing a scientific paper. Instead, the spelled out forms should be used.

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Usage of "Number"

“Number”

Number: Use number to refer to quantities that can be counted.

Incorrect: The amount of microprocessors manufactured in 2003 was more than that manufactured in 2002.
Correct: The number of microprocessors manufactured in 2003 was more than that manufactured in 2002.

Here, microprocessor is a countable noun, i.e., it can be counted, and should used with the word “number.”

Usage of "Amount"

“Amount”の使い方について

◎ Amount: Use amount to refer to quantities (usually large)that cannot be counted.

Incorrect: Supercomputers are capable of processing a large number of data.
Correct: Supercomputers are capable of processing a large amount of data.

Here, data is an uncountable noun, i.e., it cannot be counted, and should used with the word “amount.”

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Use of pronoun "we"

代名詞”we”について

◎ The pronoun “we” can be used to include both you and the reader in the discussion.

Example: From Figure 1, we can see that the spectral lines are weak.

Note that this usage of the pronoun “we” is not accepted by all journals.

Passive voice for readers in academic writing

学術論文において避けるべき単語

◎ In academic writing, do not use “you” to address the reader unless you are writing a textbook or instructional material.

Say: You can see the spectral lines in Figure 1.
Write: The spectral lines can be seen in Figure 1.

The “Say” example is called an “active” construction, while
the “Write” example is a “passive” one.

Spacing with percentage (%) symbol

単位記号の使い方について

◎ A space should never be inserted between a numeral and
its unit of measurement, when the unit is a symbol such as %
(percent), ’ (minute), etc. These symbols are set close without spacing.

Wrong: 50 %
Right: 50%

Spacing with units

省略形の単位の使い方について

◎ A space should always be inserted between a numeral and
its unit of measurement, when the unit is an abbreviation.

Wrong: The length of the box was 50cm.
Right: The length of the box was 50 cm.

Here, cm is an abbreviation for centimeters.

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Spacing with arithmetic symbols

算術記号について

◎ Arithmetic symbols are also used to show the sign or value of a number when it is not used in an equation. In such a case, a space should not be inserted between the symbol and the numeral.

Wrong: The value reached - 5. It was previously > 10.
Right: The value reached -5. It was previously >10.

Spacing with mathematical operators

◎ In equations, there should always be a space before and after symbols such as addition (+), subtraction (-), greater than (>), less than (<), and equal to (=).

Wrong: a+b=c
Right: a + b = c

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Usage of "Which"

“Which”の使い方について

◎ Which: Which is used to introduce non-restrictive information or it is used to provide additional information about something.

Example: Recombinant genomes, which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells, are infectious in 293 cells.

In this example, the which clause merely gives additional information about recombinant genomes; which clauses are usually set off by commas.

Use of "That"

“That”の使い方について

◎ That: That is used to introduce essential information, i.e., it is used to give important information about the identity of the person or thing mentioned.

Example: It is a book that will make you think about your everyday experience.

In this example, the phrase introduced by the that clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, and it should not be set off by commas.

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Use of "Yield"

“Yield”の使い方について

◎ Yield: It is used to define a resulting amount of something or the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction.

Example: Peroxidation of cholesteryl arachidonate yielded 5-oxovalerates of cholesterol.

校正者からのちょっとしたヒント

“Especially,” “For example/instance,” and “Such as”


上手にものを書く人は、例示という手段をとることで自分の考えを分かりやすく、実際に即した形で、包括的に伝えています。いい例に欠けていると複雑な理論だけ与えられその適用方法が分からないと感じる読み手もすくなくありません。ただし、例示をする際のフレーズが正しくないとこれも考えを伝えるうえで問題となります。

以下のフレーズはどれも例示に際してよく使われます。

○ For example
○ For instance
○ such as

In addition to the abovementioned phrases, the term “especially” is used incorrectly to introduce examples.


For Example/Instance

どちらも同じ意味で使われます。おもに次の３つの状況で使用されます。

[1] 文頭に来て例示をする

Car prices can differ a lot. For example, in Germany Opel Combo costs $ 2000 less than in Turkey.

[2] 一般的なトピックにおいて特に一つの例を強調して述べる

注意!
この用法ではfor example/for instanceは文の主語と動詞の間にコンマで挟まれて挿入されます。


Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.


[3] 文の途中でいくつか例を示す

There are several programs for preschool children, for example Sesame Street and Tarchın and his friends…




Such As

このフレーズを使用する場合は文頭に置くのは間違いです。

Incorrect: Many vegetables may not be as healthy as we think. Such as spinach can inhibit calcium absorption.

このように言いたい場合は“such as”ではなく“for example/instance”を使用します。

Correct: Many vegetables may not be as healthy as we think. For example, spinach can inhibit calcium absorption.

注意!
前置詞であることから、前置詞の後に続くことができない単語はこの後に来ることができません。


以下は具体的な例です:

▪ 名詞句
...such as dogs and cats.
...such as heart disease and diabetes.

▪ 疑問文
...questions such as "Who did it?" (Direct question)
... questions such as how to choose a college. (Indirect question)

▪ 動詞のing形
...such as being on time.
...such as voting in local elections

注意!
such asの同意語としてlikeがありますがアカデミックな文書では避けるべきです。


Especially

このフレーズは使い方を間違えると情報がばらばらになってしまいます。

例:
Incorrect: I struggled in many of my classes. Especially calculus was hard for me.

Especiallyは独立した節の前にくることはできません。

Correct: I struggled in many of my classes, especially in calculus class.

注意!
このフレーズの後に続く例
▪ 前置詞句
I struggled in many of my classes, especially in calculus class.

▪ 名詞句
Some vegetables, especially spinach, can inhibit calcium absorption.

▪ 形容詞
He was especially good at preparing desserts.

▪ 形容動詞句
She was eventually forgiven, especially since she had apologized so
quickly.

フォーマット上のちょっとしたヒント

悩み
フォーマットガイドライン:
Manuscripts must be written in English typed in two columns, 57 lines per column, on numbered pages of A4 or US letter size.

解決法
行数は以下のものに影響されます。
• ページの大きさ
• マージンの量
• テキストサイズ
• 図、式などがファイルに含まれているかどうか
例えば
５７行が指定されていれば、(1) A4 で (2) 1 inch マージンを適用し (3) 10.5 pointのフォントにします。

カンファレンス報告

日本や世界の国々で行われるその国独自のまたは国際的な会議について皆さんに随時ご報告します。

イギリス
会議名: Lincoln Conference, 2009

日付: September 4–10, 2009

都市: University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK

連絡先: Anne Lowes, AIA Liaison Office, The Ironbridge Institute, Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DX
Telephone: 01325 359846; E-mail: aia-enquiries@contacts.bham.ac.uk

サイト名: http://www.industrial-archaeology.org.uk/aconf0808.htm

アメリカ
会議名: The 19th International Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry

日付: August 23–28, 2009

都市: WY (U.S.A.)

連絡先: Conference Chair, Prof. Joseph S. Thrasher, University of Alabama. e-mail:fluorine_at_bama.ua.edu

サイト名: http://www.chm.colostate.edu/shs/General_Conference_Information.htm

失われた科学の知見（物理科学、エンジニアリングのエディター）

およそ紀元前１００年ごろ、Antikythera の沖合いで船が一隻沈没しました。そこはギリシャ本土とクレタのあいだです。実はこの船には天空をあらわす美しいオブジェが載せられていました。このブロンズ製のモデルにはギア、ポインタ、ダイアルなどがあり、天体に関する情報を示すものでした。おそらく太陽、月、および当時知られていたであろう５つの惑星、日食、月食の位置に加えて目立つ星の見えるタイミング等が含まれていたと考えられます。

２１００年前に海の底に沈んだこのオブジェは１９０１年まで日の目を見ることはありませんでした。この年に遂に引き上げられたのです。おどろくべき発見でした。メカニズム部分はすっかり腐食、破壊が進んでいたので再構築は難解なパズルのようなものだったそうです。ここ１１０年で進んだ科学も手伝い研究が進みました。誰が何のために製作したのかはこの先も闇の中でしょう。それでも研究者はその構造について調べ続けています。

メカニズムを調べると、どうやらこれは暦及び天球上でおこることを計算するためのものらしいことが分かりました。しかも携帯できるよう構造はコンパクトになっています。今で言えば特別なアプリを載せたノートパソコンといったところでしょうか。iPhoneに天球儀ソフトを載せたものとも似ています。最終的な構造についてはいくつか説があり、計算可能範囲もオブジェの形も違います。測定器としての役割以外にも天文学を教える上の便利なツールとして使われた可能性もあります。

ただ、このオブジェの構造がかなり洗練されていてプロトタイプとは思えないことから、当時珍しいオブジェだったとは考えられていません。これが海に沈んだからと言ってそのテクノロジーが闇に埋もれたというほどの影響はなかったはずです。ただ機械仕掛けの巧妙さによる軽量化、緻密さはこの後何百年も現れませんでした。それに加え当時ほんのわずかの人々が理解していたであろう天体の動きや周期に関しても詳細にその深さがうかがい知れるという意味では貴重な資料と言えます。

Antikytheraメカニズムはその遺失と再発見に関するロマンチックな話をさておいてもいくつか興味深い点があります。当時の天体に関する知識が凝縮されている点、このメカニズムの原作者の意図が伝わってくる点、当時の知見に驚かされる点、そして最近の科学がようやく可能にしたコミュニケーションの大切さを再認識させてくれる点です。サイエンスコミュニティーは国際化が進んでいます。Antikytheraメカニズムのデザイナーが思いもよらない知識の共有が可能となったのです。電子化による共有の加速があればこのオブジェのように失われる知見は今後ないのではないでしょうか。こう考えるとAntikytheraからいろいろなことが感じられてその深みにはまってしまう自分です。

食事にこころがけましょう

食事の後で、あれ？食べ物はどこに行ったんだ？なんて思ったことはありませんか。

古い文献で沈黙の価値についてよく目にします。沈黙の価値の最たるものはやはり自分のしていることに集中できるということでしょう。

食事中も同様で、食事をしているという気持ちに満たされるのが理想です。歯ごたえ、それぞれの味の違い、喉ごしなど感じることはいろいろあります。また、自分のリアクションを楽しむこともできます。（あれ、これは思った味と違うな）など失望、安堵、いらいら、楽しさといった感情を自分で楽しむのです。体内を駆け巡るうれしさ、温かさなどは食事でおろそかにしてはいけません。

とはいっても会話が避けられない場合もあります。その場合は会話を楽しむべきです。テレビ番組を見ながら食事をするなどという行為は絶対に避けるべきことです。食べ過ぎまたはテレビ番組の悪影響による胃のもたれがおきてしまいます。

食事中に心が食事に集中していることが消化吸収を助けます。心が集中することで体が食事に対応してくれます。これがストレスを抑えてくれます。消化器官や体のその他の部分がリラックスすることにつながり、結果的に体重管理、感情の適切な管理等にもつながっていくのです。食事やもろもろの経験に対する感謝を忘れてはいけません。

あるひとが僧侶にこう尋ねたそうです。「集中力のコツとはなんですか。」僧侶は答えました。「話すときは話す。歩くときは歩く。食べるときは食べる。」と。

皆さんも食事を楽しんでくださいね!

この記事のソースは以下です。
Recipes for Happiness by Smt. Hansaji Jayadeva Yogendra
Meditation for Dummies by Stephan Bodian

Use of "Result in"

“Result in”の使い方について

◎ Result in: It is used to explain a particular phenomenon caused by a previous phenomenon or to state a solution to a problem.

Example: Incorporation of 1.9% GP into a complex medium resulted in improved growth by lactic streptococci at 356 K.

Usage of "among"

“among” の使い方について

◎ Among: Used to indicate a relationship that considers three or more objects, individuals, ideas, or circumstances.

Incorrect: The separation of sequences between DNA fragments was done using gel electrophoresis.
Correct: The separation of sequences among DNA fragments was done using gel electrophoresis.

Usage of "between"

“between” の使い方について

◎ Between: Used to indicate a relationship that considers two objects, individuals, ideas, or circumstances.

Incorrect: A reaction among two unstable compounds resulted in an explosion.
Correct: A reaction between two unstable compounds resulted in an explosion.

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Usage of the article “the”

西暦の年の表し方について

◎ When referring to only a single year, do not use the article “the” before the year.

Incorrect: Large earthquakes occurred in the 1927.
Correct: Large earthquakes occurred in 1927.

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Usage the article “the” before the decade

[ENAGO]英文執筆のワンポイントアドバイス

年代を表すときに使う”the”について

◎ When referring to a decade (e.g., the 1960s, the 1980s, etc.), use the article “the” before the decade.

Incorrect: Large earthquakes occurred in 1920s.
Correct: Large earthquakes occurred in the 1920s.

★ Note that there is no apostrophe after “1920” and
before “s.”

The article “an” is used before abbreviations

[ENAGO]英文執筆のワンポイントアドバイス

冠詞の”an”について

◎ The article “an” is used before abbreviations that start with a vowel sound. For example,

-> an EMR system
-> an MRI study

In the second example, the first letter of the abbreviation MRI (M) is a consonant. However, it makes an “em” sound when read out, which is a vowel sound. Therefore, the article “an” is used. Another example is “an HIV-based lentiviral vector.”

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The article “a” is used before abbreviations

冠詞の”a”について

◎ The article “a” is used before abbreviations that start with a consonant sound. For example,

-> a BAC of 0.2 g/dL
-> a URI recommended vaccination

In the second example, the first letter of the abbreviation URI makes a “you” sound, which is a consonant sound. Therefore, the article “a” is used even though the letter “u” a vowel.

Use of Hyphenation - I

英語以外の複合形容詞のハイフンについて

◎ Never hyphenate foreign phrases when they are used as compound adjectives:

Incorrect: in-situ detection
Correct: in situ detection

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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how to use hyphenation

化合物のハイフンについて

◎ Never hyphenate a chemical compound when it is used as a compound adjective:

Incorrect: ferric-oxide layer
Correct: ferric oxide layer

Usage of “-ly”

◎ Never hyphenate a compound adjective when the first word is an adverbs ending in “-ly”

Incorrect: highly-complex structure
Correct: highly complex structure

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Use of quotation

イギリス英語のコンマ、ピリオドについて(2)

◎ In British English, if the period or comma is a part of the quote itself, then the quotation mark is placed after the period or comma. This is usually the case with direct quotes.

Incorrect: ‘Today, there is a need to extract more precise criteria’.
Correct: ‘Today, there is a need to extract more precise criteria.’

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Usage of comma and period

イギリス英語のコンマ、ピリオドについて(1)

◎ In British English, the period and comma are usually placed outside quotation marks.

Incorrect: This study examines the ‘Bowen Ratio.’
Correct: This study examines the ‘Bowen Ratio’.

*The exception will be explained in the next issue.

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Quoting within quotes in American English

◎ Quoting within quotes in American English:

Single quotation marks are used within the double quotation marks.
Example:

“This course will contain a lot of ‘charm’ and ‘beauty’ but very little truth.”

Quoting within quotes in British English

イギリス英語の引用文内の引用について

◎ Quoting within quotes in British English:

Double quotation marks are used within the single quotation marks.
Example:

‘There is at present in the material world a “universal tendency” to the dissipation of mechanical energy.’

Usage of double & single quotation

イギリス英語の引用文内の引用について

◎ Quoting within quotes in British English:

Double quotation marks are used within the single quotation marks.
Example:
‘There is at present in the material world a “universal tendency” to the dissipation of mechanical energy.’
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Usage of "comprise"

“comprise”の使い方について

◎ Use comprise to refer to the parts that form something. Unlike compose, it does not imply that the object is only made up of the parts.

Correct: The viral envelope comprises two layers of fatty molecules called lipids.
Also Correct: The solar system comprises the planets Mars and Jupiter.

“Comprise” is often used to describe statistical information. For example, “Students comprised 40% of the sample.”

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Usage of "Include"

“Include”の使い方について

◎ Include: Use include to only some of the parts that form the whole of something.

Example:
Incorrect: The solar system is composed of the planets Mars and Jupiter.
Correct: The solar system includes the planets Mars and Jupiter.

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Usage of "Compose"

◎ Compose: Use when you want to refer to all the parts that together form the whole of something.

Example: The viral envelope is composed of two layers of fatty molecules called lipids.

This sentence implies that the viral envelope is completely made of two layers of fatty molecules.

About the tense in the thesis-Part 2

In papers from the fields of biology and medicine, see below for the tenses usually used in the Results and Discussion and Conclusion sections.

- Results and Discussion: The results section is typically written in the past tense, while the discussion section, however, is usually written in the present tense.

- Conclusion: The conclusion is usually a mixture of the past, present, and future tenses. The future tense is typically used in the conclusion only to talk about future work and should be avoided otherwise.

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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About the tense in the thesis-Part 1

In papers from the fields of biology and medicine, see below for the tenses usually used in the Introduction and Methods sections.

- Introduction: The introduction is usually written in present tense. Example: “We show that p73 plays an important role in tumorigenesis.”

- Methods: This section is mainly written in the past tense. Example: “PC3 and LNCaP cell lines were obtained from ATCC under standard conditions.”

Defining an abbreviation

◎ When defining an abbreviation, first write the full form and then the abbreviation in parentheses, and not the other way around.

Incorrect: We analyzed the EPR (electron para-magnetic resonance) spectra of...
Correct: We analyzed the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of...

Usage of "Idea" and "Concept"

‘idea’ と ‘concept’の違いについて

◎ A concept is a general point derived from specific facts or theories. An idea is a thought, notion, opinion, or impression of what something is or should be like.

Concept: Temporal logic is based on the concept of time intervals.
Idea: Watching the birds fly, man got an idea to build a plane and conquer the skies.
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usage of words like ‘show’ and ‘present’

In order refer to figures and tables in manuscripts, use words like ‘show’ and ‘present’.

Example 1: Table 1 shows the common exposure.
Example 2: The SEM images are presented in Fig. 2.

Other words to use are illustrate, demonstrate, provide, and list.

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Use of "respectively"

Use respectively only when there is a one-to-one correspondence in the sentence.

Incorrect: The suppression rates for the two patients were 15% and 35%, respectively.
Correct: The suppression rates for patients 1 and 2 were 15% and 35%, respectively.

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Correct usage of "Disk" & "Disc"

Disk is the part where information is read magnetically.
Example: ‘Hard disk’, ‘floppy disk’

Disc is used to refer to storage media that are read optically.
Example: ‘Compact Disc’, ‘Digital Versatile Disc’

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Usage of "etc."

‘etc.’ is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase ‘et cetera’ and means and other things. It is used to represent the logical continuation in a series. Do not use ‘and etc.’ because then you are saying ‘and and other things.’

Incorrect: He ate bread, butter, and etc.
Correct: He ate bread, butter, etc.

Usage of "e.g."

‘e.g.’ is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase ‘exempli gratia’ and means for example. It is used to cite an example of something. Do not use "for e.g." because then you are saying "for for example."

Incorrect: He ate fruits, for e.g., apples and oranges.
Correct: He ate fruits, e.g., apples and oranges.

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Use of numeral at the beginning of a sentence

A numeral should not stand at the beginning of a sentence. A number so placed should be spelled out or the sentence rewritten, to bring the number somewhere else in the sentence.

Wrong: $36,000 was the amount of the debt.
Right: The amount of debt was $36,000.

Wrong: 1941 saw our entry into the war.
Right: The year 1941 saw our entry into the war.

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