Hyphenation in phrases

語句のハイフンについて
◎Hyphenation in phrases

Do not hyphenate phrases used as nouns in regular grammatical construction.

Wrong: Courses in how-to-read-and-study…Knowing how-to-study also connotes having right attitudes toward study.

Right: Courses in how to read and study…Knowing how to study also connotes having right attitudes toward study.

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修飾語とハイフンをつなぐ場合について

◎ Hyphenate unit modifiers containing "low," "high," "small," and
"large" if the meaning is unclear.

- Unclear: high energy density physics
- Clear: high-energy density physics

- Unclear: Low frequency temperature variations
- Clear: Low-frequency temperature variations

Note that if the meaning is clear, the compound should be left open, e.g., large duplex loop.


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ハイフンでつながない場合について

◎ Do not hyphenate multiplying prefixes:

- Incorrect: hexa-hydrate
- Correct: hexahydrate

- Incorrect: quater-thiophenes
- Correct: quaterthiophenes

- Incorrect: 1,3-bis-(bromomethyl)benzene
- Correct: 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene

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1文字の大文字をハイフンでつなぐ場合について

◎ Typically, compounds in which the first element is a single capital letter are hyphenated. For example, U-turn, X-ray, H-bomb, S-wave

Note that “X-ray” is also hyphenated when it is lowercase, i.e., when it functions as a verb:
- Uppercase: They took X-rays of the baggage.
- Lowercase: The baggage was x-rayed.

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親族に使うハイフンについて

◎ Hyphenation with different family relationships:

1. Use hyphen with family relations with ‘in-law’ (brother-in-law)
2. Optional hyphen with family relations preceded by ‘great’ (great grandmother or great-grandmother)
3. No hyphen with two-word expressions (half sister) or one-word expressions (stepsister)


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Hyphenation with "fold"

ハイフンと同時に使う“fold”について

◎ Now we explain when to hyphenate and when not to hyphenate with the suffix “fold”

- Hyphen: Numeral + “fold”: 2-fold, 10-fold, etc.
- No hyphen: spelled out number + “fold”: twofold, tenfold, etc.

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More on hyphens

文章を明確にするためのハイフン

◎ Hyphens are also used with numbers only for the purpose of clarity. For example,
Unclear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24 well plates.
Clear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24-well plates.

In this example, if the hyphen was not used, then it could be thought that there were 24 “well plates.” Inserting the hyphen clarifies that each plate has 24 wells.

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Usage of hyphens

ハイフンを使った数字の表現

◎ Hyphens are used with spelled-out numbers from twenty-one (21) to ninety-nine (99).

Incorrect: nine-teen, five-hundred
Correct: nineteen, five hundred



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Presenting numerical data

数値データの様々な表現方法

◎ There are many ways to present numerical data in an academic paper:

- A pipe that was 2 cm long was used to aid in burial.
- A pipe, 2 cm in length, was used to aid in burial.
- A 2-cm pipe was used to aid in burial

In the third example, the numeral and unit modify the noun pipe, and are hyphenated.

Other examples:
- wave of 4 feet -> 4-foot wave
- tube with a diameter of 6 mm -> 6-mm-diameter tube

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Cardinal and ordinal numbers

数字について

◎ In academic papers, cardinal (zero, one, two…) and ordinal (first, second, and third) numbers are used in combination with nouns and adjectives to modify other nouns. In such cases, a hyphen is usually used after the number. Consider the following
combinations.

Example 1: The implications for zero-base budgeting were analyzed.
Example 2: As a result, the following second-order equation was obtained.

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Using hyphens for word count reduction

単語の省略について

◎ Consider the following sentence: We selected 3-year-old, 4-year-old, and 5-year-old children in our sample.

In this sentence, “year-old” is repeating. To shorten this sentence, we can suspend the hyphens after 3 and 4. That is, we can write the sentence as “We selected 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in our sample.”

Other examples:
-> 25- to 50-mg samples
-> first- and second-order reactions

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