More on usage of periods/full stop

リスト内でのピリオドの使い方について
◎Use of periods in a list

In lists, numerals with periods are preferable to numerals with parentheses.
For example,
1. Call for help.
2. Stop the bleeding
3. Keep the patient warm.

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Usage of periods/full stop

ピリオドについて
◎Periods

Never use periods after centered heads and running heads. They are not necessary after captions or legends not in complete sentence form, after items in a column, and at the end of entries in an index.
Note that the items in a list should be parallel in construction, that is, all phrases or all sentences; however, if one item in the list is a complete sentence and therefore requires a period, then each item in the list, including phrases, should end with a period.

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Hyphenation in phrases

語句のハイフンについて
◎Hyphenation in phrases

Do not hyphenate phrases used as nouns in regular grammatical construction.

Wrong: Courses in how-to-read-and-study…Knowing how-to-study also connotes having right attitudes toward study.

Right: Courses in how to read and study…Knowing how to study also connotes having right attitudes toward study.

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Ellipsis points - three or four?

文の省略記号について
◎ Points of Ellipsis: Three or Four
Ellipsis points (…) are a series of three dots, not four.
They are mainly used to indicate missing words in a quote. Ellipsis can be used to show missing words at the beginning, middle, and end of a sentence.

For example,
1. Beginning: “…mountains are not cones, and coastlines are not
circles, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.”
2. Middle: “Clouds are not spheres, …nor does lightning travel in a straight line.”
3. End: “Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, and coastlines are not circles, nor
does…”


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Correct colon usage with other punctuation

その他のマークと同時に利用するコロン
◎ Usage of colon with other marks

Whenever a colon is used in conjunction with closing quotation marks, place it after the quotes. It should also follow a parenthesis.

For example,
He began with “The Village Blacksmith”: “Under the spreading chestnut tree…”
There are several advantages to growing the red mulberry (Morus rubra): Its fruits are edible…”

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Correct usage of question marks in indirect questions

間接疑問文での疑問符の利用
◎ Usage of question marks in indirect questions

Do not use a question mark after indirect questions.

For example,
Incorrect: John had wondered why?
Correct: John had wondered why.

Also, carefully study the following constructions:
Correct: It is well to ask, what is the precedent in this case? (Direct)
Also Correct: It is well to ask what is the precedent is this case. (Indirect)

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More on Apostrophe

アポストロフィの利用について(III)

◎ Usage of the Apostrophe (III)

Use an apostrophe to form a contraction. The apostrophe replaces the missing letters.
For example:

Phrase: did not
Contraction: didn’t

Phrase: would not
Contraction: wouldn’t

Warning! Most publications consider contractions to be informal. Therefore, they should be avoided in academic writing.

Use an apostrophe to form the plural of a lowercase letter.

Incorrect: The spelling of Mississippi has four ss, four is, two ps and one M.

Correct: The spelling of Mississippi has four s’s, four i’s, two p’s and one M.


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Correct usage of Apostrophe (II)

アポストロフィの利用について(II)

◎ Usage of the Apostrophe (II)

To show possession (plural nouns)

With plural nouns that do not end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form of the possessive of such plural nouns, add an apostrophe plus an “s;” that is, Without apostrophe: growth of the bacteria

With apostrophe: the bacteria's growth

With plural nouns that end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form of the possessive of such plural nouns, add only an apostrophe; that is, Without apostrophe: silence for two minutes

With apostrophe: two minutes’ silence

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Correct usage of Apostrophe

アポストロフィの利用について(I)

◎ Usage of the Apostrophe (I)

To show possession (singular nouns)

With singular nouns that do not end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form the possessive of such singular nouns, add an apostrophe plus an “s”; that is, Without apostrophe: bat of John

With apostrophe: John’s bat

With singular nouns that end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form the possessive of such singular nouns, add only an apostrophe; that is, Without apostrophe: bat of James

With apostrophe: James’ bat

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Tips on Colon usage (V)

コロンについて(V)

◎ Colon (V)
Usage of Colon: with formal statements
Use a colon to introduce formal statements, e.g., quotations or paraphrases.

Incorrect: I have only two questions; Which is the most complete open cluster database? And how expensive is it?
Correct: I have only two questions: Which is the most complete open cluster database? And how expensive is it?

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Tips on Colon usage (IV)

コロンについて(IV)

◎ Colon (IV)

Usage of Colon: with independent clauses
Use a colon between two causes to signal a special relationship between the two clauses. That is, when the second clause explains the meaning of the first or expands its meaning.
Avoid: The doctor had no intention of visiting the patient; he was tired of the false calls.
Better: The doctor had no intention of visiting the patient: he was tired of the false calls.

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Tips on Colon usage (III)

コロンについて(III)

Colon (III)
To introduce equations: A colon is usually used to introduce equations. Note that, like lists, a colon should not be used after a preposition or verb.

Incorrect: The relation between x and y is given as: x = 2y
Correct: The relation between x and y is given as follows: x = 2y
Note that in the correct example, what precedes the colon is an independent clause

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Tips on Colon usage (II)

コロンについて(II)

Colon (II)

Vertical list
Incorrect: The three guiding principles of his life are:
(1) precision
(2) realism
(3) generality

Correct: His life reflects three guiding principles:
(1) precision
(2) realism
(3) generality

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Tips on Colon usage (I)

コロンについて(I)

Colon (I)
Horizontal lists: A colon is used to introduce horizontal and vertical lists. If a verb or preposition introduces the list, then the colon is not needed.

Horizontal list with preposition:
Incorrect: The milieu consists of: dendritic cells and T cells.
Correct: The milieu consists of two types of cells: dendritic cells and T cells.

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Semicolon (III)

セミコロンについて(III)

Semicolon (III)
Use semicolons between elements in a series when any of the elements have internal commas.

Incorrect: Cities he visited prior to his accident include Albany, New York, Cairo, Illinois, and Fresno, California.
Correct: Cities he visited prior to his accident include Albany, New York; Cairo, Illinois; and Fresno, California.

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More on semicolon usage

セミコロンについて(II)

Semicolon (II)
Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, thus, etc.) that connects two independent clauses and a comma follows the adverb.

Incorrect: Fragments of habitat are often viewed as islands; however habitat fragmentation includes a wide range of spatial patterns.
Correct: Fragments of habitat are often viewed as islands; however, habitat fragmentation includes a wide range of spatial patterns.


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Tips to use "semicolon"

◎ Semicolon (I)

Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses when the clauses are closely related and with clauses that are not connected by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, for, etc.)

Correct: The sample was cooled under a zero-applied field, and after that, a field of 100 Oe was applied.

Correct: The sample was cooled under a zero-applied field; after that, a field of 100 Oe was applied.

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Usage of Comma

“Comma” の使い方について

◎Usage of Comma: In Dialogue
Use commas in dialogue to separate the speaker's exact words from the writer’s descriptive information within the sentence.

Example 1
“I’m so sorry,” consoled the doctor.

Example 2
Upon examining my circuit, Professor Yang exclaimed, “This circuit is too complex to be used effectively.”


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