化学名の大文字表記について(I)

◎ Capitalization of simple multiword chemical names (I)

Simple multiword chemical names are lowercased when used in the middle of a sentence but capitalized when used at the beginning of a sentence or in a title.
Middle of a sentence:

Wrong: We used Methyl Acetate as a substitute for acetone.
Right: We used methyl acetate as a substitute for acetone.

-> All parts of a multiword chemical name are capitalized in a title. Note that this depends on the casing of the title.


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生物名の大文字表記について

◎ Capitalization of organism names
Capitalize “Metazoa” and “Protozoa” when used as names of divisions
Example: Cladistics plays an important role in decoding the phylogenetic branching of Protozoa.

Lowercase “metazoa” and “protozoa” when used as plurals of metazoon and protozoon (common-noun designations)
Example: The individual metazoon dies, while the protozoa grows to full size.

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種小名の大文字化について(II)

◎ Capitalization of specific epithets (II)
Lowercase adjectives derived from scientific names

Incorrect: Infant mortality due to Group B Streptococcal infections increased by 30% from 2004 to 2005.
Correct: Infant mortality due to Group B streptococcal infections increased by 30% from 2004 to 2005.
The adjective “streptococcal” is derived from the genus “Streptococcus” and should not be capitalized.

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種小名の大文字化について(I)

◎ Capitalization of specific epithets (I)
The scientific name of most organisms follows binomial nomenclature: Scientific name = Genus + Specific epithet
Always lowercase the specific epithet wherever it appears in the paper, e.g., Escheria coli
Lowercase the specific epithet even when the genus name is abbreviated, e.g., The motor response of E. coli bacteria was studied.


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一般名の大文字表記について

◎ Capitalize a common name if it is derived from a proper noun

- Incorrect: The chlorophyll content and leaf area index of english ivy was measured.
- Correct: The chlorophyll content and leaf area index of English ivy was measured.

In the above example, “English” is a proper noun and should be capitalized.

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生物の大文字表記について(2)

◎ Do not capitalize common or vernacular names of plants and animals, i.e., when they are described in general contexts.

- Incorrect: Chronic exercise in Dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production.
- Correct: Chronic exercise in dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production.

In the above example, “dogs” is used in a general context and should not be capitalized.

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Capitalization

生物の大文字表記について(1)

◎ Capitalize genus names when they are used as formal names, but lowercase when they are used as common nouns

- Proper name: The decreasing population of /Gorilla g. beringei/ in Uganda is alarming.
- Common noun: The decreasing population of gorillas in Uganda is alarming

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地名の表記ついて

◎ Capitalize a foreign generic term that forms part of the geographic name: the Rio Grande

Do not include the English term

Incorrect: The Rio Grande River
Correct: The Rio Grande

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地名の表記ついて

When referring to two of the same geographic feature, the generic term is usually pluralized.

Capitalize the plural generic term if

1. It is part of the proper geographic name: We studied the bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands.
2. It is used “before” two or more proper names: Toxic materials were released into Lakes Sagami and Tsukui.

Some style guides say that the plural generic term should not be capitalized when used “after” two or more proper names, while others say it should.

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More on capitalization

地名の表記ついて

In a geographic name, do not capitalize the generic term when it is used descriptively rather than as part of the proper name.

- Incorrect: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara Desert, is one of the most thermo-tolerant land animals.
- Correct: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara desert, is one of the most thermo tolerant land animals.
- Also Correct: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara, is one of the most thermo-tolerant land animals.

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Capitalization with geographic names and proper nouns

地名の表記ついて

In a geographic name, the generic term is the common noun like “lake,” “river,” etc. Capitalize the generic term when the it is a part of the “proper” geographic name:

- Incorrect: We conducted a haplotype analysis of the Black forest families.
- Correct: We conducted a haplotype analysis of the Black Forest families.

Always consult a dictionary like Webster’s Geographical Dictionary for the proper geographic name.

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Compounds with self

“self”で始まる複合語について

All compounds that begin with “self” are hyphenated, even if they are not used as adjectives.

- Hyphen: It was a self-accelerating reaction.
- Also hyphen: The reaction was self-accelerating.

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Three-word modifiers

3単語をハイフンでつなぐ場合について

◎ Three-word modifiers with a preposition or conjunction as the middle word are usually hyphenated for clarity. For example, signal-to-noise ratio, black-and-white pattern, month-by-month analysis

Always consult a style manual or dictionary to determine whether to hyphenate.

Caution! Do not confuse a suspended hyphen with that used above.

- Incorrect: five-to-ten-second ranges
- Correct: five- to ten-second ranges


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修飾語とハイフンをつなぐ場合について

◎ Hyphenate unit modifiers containing "low," "high," "small," and
"large" if the meaning is unclear.

- Unclear: high energy density physics
- Clear: high-energy density physics

- Unclear: Low frequency temperature variations
- Clear: Low-frequency temperature variations

Note that if the meaning is clear, the compound should be left open, e.g., large duplex loop.


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ハイフンでつながない場合について

◎ Do not hyphenate multiplying prefixes:

- Incorrect: hexa-hydrate
- Correct: hexahydrate

- Incorrect: quater-thiophenes
- Correct: quaterthiophenes

- Incorrect: 1,3-bis-(bromomethyl)benzene
- Correct: 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene

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1文字の大文字をハイフンでつなぐ場合について

◎ Typically, compounds in which the first element is a single capital letter are hyphenated. For example, U-turn, X-ray, H-bomb, S-wave

Note that “X-ray” is also hyphenated when it is lowercase, i.e., when it functions as a verb:
- Uppercase: They took X-rays of the baggage.
- Lowercase: The baggage was x-rayed.

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親族に使うハイフンについて

◎ Hyphenation with different family relationships:

1. Use hyphen with family relations with ‘in-law’ (brother-in-law)
2. Optional hyphen with family relations preceded by ‘great’ (great grandmother or great-grandmother)
3. No hyphen with two-word expressions (half sister) or one-word expressions (stepsister)


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Hyphenation with "fold"

ハイフンと同時に使う“fold”について

◎ Now we explain when to hyphenate and when not to hyphenate with the suffix “fold”

- Hyphen: Numeral + “fold”: 2-fold, 10-fold, etc.
- No hyphen: spelled out number + “fold”: twofold, tenfold, etc.

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Hyphenation with "well"

ハイフンと同時に使う“well”について

◎ Here we explain when to hyphenate and when not to hyphenate with the word “well.”

- Hyphenate “well” when it is used in combination with a participle “before” the noun it describes: Hyphenate: It is a well-known theorem.
- Do not hyphenate “well” when it is used “after” the noun it describes: The theorem is well known.


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本や論文から引用する際のフレーズ

◎ Citations are very important to credit other authors, and avoid
plagiarism. We give you four scenarios of when to cite:

- Cite direct quotations taken from another paper, conference, or book
- Cite information that you have paraphrased (or rewritten)
- Cite opinions and interpretations taken from other sources
- Cite words and phrases that are unique to an author's research


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More on hyphens

文章を明確にするためのハイフン

◎ Hyphens are also used with numbers only for the purpose of clarity. For example,
Unclear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24 well plates.
Clear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24-well plates.

In this example, if the hyphen was not used, then it could be thought that there were 24 “well plates.” Inserting the hyphen clarifies that each plate has 24 wells.

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Usage of hyphens

ハイフンを使った数字の表現

◎ Hyphens are used with spelled-out numbers from twenty-one (21) to ninety-nine (99).

Incorrect: nine-teen, five-hundred
Correct: nineteen, five hundred



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