地名の表記ついて

When referring to two of the same geographic feature, the generic term is usually pluralized.

Capitalize the plural generic term if

1. It is part of the proper geographic name: We studied the bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands.
2. It is used “before” two or more proper names: Toxic materials were released into Lakes Sagami and Tsukui.

Some style guides say that the plural generic term should not be capitalized when used “after” two or more proper names, while others say it should.

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More on capitalization

地名の表記ついて

In a geographic name, do not capitalize the generic term when it is used descriptively rather than as part of the proper name.

- Incorrect: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara Desert, is one of the most thermo-tolerant land animals.
- Correct: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara desert, is one of the most thermo tolerant land animals.
- Also Correct: Cataglyphis, an ant that lives in the Sahara, is one of the most thermo-tolerant land animals.

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Capitalization with geographic names and proper nouns

地名の表記ついて

In a geographic name, the generic term is the common noun like “lake,” “river,” etc. Capitalize the generic term when the it is a part of the “proper” geographic name:

- Incorrect: We conducted a haplotype analysis of the Black forest families.
- Correct: We conducted a haplotype analysis of the Black Forest families.

Always consult a dictionary like Webster’s Geographical Dictionary for the proper geographic name.

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Compounds with self

“self”で始まる複合語について

All compounds that begin with “self” are hyphenated, even if they are not used as adjectives.

- Hyphen: It was a self-accelerating reaction.
- Also hyphen: The reaction was self-accelerating.

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Three-word modifiers

3単語をハイフンでつなぐ場合について

◎ Three-word modifiers with a preposition or conjunction as the middle word are usually hyphenated for clarity. For example, signal-to-noise ratio, black-and-white pattern, month-by-month analysis

Always consult a style manual or dictionary to determine whether to hyphenate.

Caution! Do not confuse a suspended hyphen with that used above.

- Incorrect: five-to-ten-second ranges
- Correct: five- to ten-second ranges


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修飾語とハイフンをつなぐ場合について

◎ Hyphenate unit modifiers containing "low," "high," "small," and
"large" if the meaning is unclear.

- Unclear: high energy density physics
- Clear: high-energy density physics

- Unclear: Low frequency temperature variations
- Clear: Low-frequency temperature variations

Note that if the meaning is clear, the compound should be left open, e.g., large duplex loop.


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ハイフンでつながない場合について

◎ Do not hyphenate multiplying prefixes:

- Incorrect: hexa-hydrate
- Correct: hexahydrate

- Incorrect: quater-thiophenes
- Correct: quaterthiophenes

- Incorrect: 1,3-bis-(bromomethyl)benzene
- Correct: 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene

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