Composing clear sentences (II)

Place familiar information first in a clause, a sentence, or a paragraph, and put the new and unfamiliar information later.

More confusing: The epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer are the three layers of the skin. A layer of dead skin cells makes up the epidermis, which forms the body's shield against the world. Blood vessels, carrying nourishment, and nerve endings, which relay information about the outside world, are found in the dermis. Sweat glands and fat cells make up the third layer, the subcutaneous layer.

Less confusing: The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made up of dead skin cells, and forms a protective shield between the body and the world. The dermis contains the blood vessels and nerve endings that nourish the skin and make it receptive to outside stimuli. The subcutaneous layer contains the sweat glands and fat cells which perform other functions of the skin.

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Composing clear sentences

The verb should follow the subject as soon as possible.

Really Hard to Read: "The smallest of the URF's (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2- terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit gene."

Less Hard to Read: "The smallest of the UR-F's is URFA6L, a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene; it has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene."

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Avoiding redundancy

冗長 - I
◎Redundancy-I

In many instances, adjectives duplicate part of the nouns they modify.

For example,
Lonely isolation
Chief protagonist
Young infant
Grateful thanks
In these instances, avoid redundancy by deleting the adjectives.


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Usage of indefinite pronouns

不定代名詞について
◎Indefinite pronouns such as anyone, everyone, and someone must be carefully distinguished from any one, every one, and some one. They should never be used as single words unless they are equivalent to anybody, everybody, and somebody.

Examples:
She would not see anyone.
You may have any one of these books you choose.
Every one of these items should interest everyone.

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More on usage of periods/full stop

リスト内でのピリオドの使い方について
◎Use of periods in a list

In lists, numerals with periods are preferable to numerals with parentheses.
For example,
1. Call for help.
2. Stop the bleeding
3. Keep the patient warm.

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Usage of periods/full stop

ピリオドについて
◎Periods

Never use periods after centered heads and running heads. They are not necessary after captions or legends not in complete sentence form, after items in a column, and at the end of entries in an index.
Note that the items in a list should be parallel in construction, that is, all phrases or all sentences; however, if one item in the list is a complete sentence and therefore requires a period, then each item in the list, including phrases, should end with a period.

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Hyphenation in phrases

語句のハイフンについて
◎Hyphenation in phrases

Do not hyphenate phrases used as nouns in regular grammatical construction.

Wrong: Courses in how-to-read-and-study…Knowing how-to-study also connotes having right attitudes toward study.

Right: Courses in how to read and study…Knowing how to study also connotes having right attitudes toward study.

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Usage of "so that"

“so that”の使い方について

◎Usage of "so that"

"So that" means in order that, or with the result that. Not that the usage of "so that" is different from the word "so."

So that: I invested in bonds so that my money would be safe. (In order that it would be safe.)
So: I invested in bonds, so my money would be safe. (Consequently it would be safe.)

Note the use of the comma before "so."

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Avoiding redundant abbreviations

Avoid redundant abbreviations

Abbreviations such as AIDS and ATM are often followed by the words “syndrome” and “machine,” respectively. This is awkward because then the phrases will be read as “acquired immune deficiency syndrome syndrome” and “automated teller machine machine.” This can be avoided by verifying that the last letter of the abbreviation does not stand for the word that follows it.

Wordy: An LED diode was used as a light source in the detector.
Concise: An LED was used as a light source in the detector.

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How to mention "figures" and "tables" in the text

原稿内の図表の言及方法について

◎ In order refer to figures and tables in manuscripts, use words like ‘show’ and ‘present’.

Example 1: Table 1 shows the common exposure.
Example 2: The SEM images are presented in Fig. 2.

Subject/verb agreement: Remember, with singular "figure" or "table" - the following verb would be "shows" and for plural "figures" or "tables" the verb would be "show"

Other words to use are illustrate, demonstrate, provide, and list.

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Using "different" correctly

“Different” の使い方
◎ Usage of “Different”

Different: The word “different” is the opposite of the word “similar.” That is, if something differs from another, it is unlike it in some way.

In terms of usage, you can say that something is “different to” another (mostly in British English) as well as “different from” another (American English). However, in writing, “different from” is preferred.

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"Pandemic” vs. “endemic” vs. “epidemic”

“pandemic”, “endemic”, “epidemic”について
◎ “pandemic” vs. “endemic” vs. “epidemic”

Pandemic: A “pandemic” disease is one that spreads over a whole country or the whole world, i.e., an extensively epidemic disease.

Wrong: Origin of the 1918 Influenza Endemic and Its Implications on Public Health
Wrong: Origin of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic and Its Implications on Public Health
Right: Origin of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Implications on Public Health

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Ellipsis points - three or four?

文の省略記号について
◎ Points of Ellipsis: Three or Four
Ellipsis points (…) are a series of three dots, not four.
They are mainly used to indicate missing words in a quote. Ellipsis can be used to show missing words at the beginning, middle, and end of a sentence.

For example,
1. Beginning: “…mountains are not cones, and coastlines are not
circles, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.”
2. Middle: “Clouds are not spheres, …nor does lightning travel in a straight line.”
3. End: “Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, and coastlines are not circles, nor
does…”


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Correct tense usage

時制について

◎ Tenses

While writing a paper, it is very important to use the correct tense to report your findings correctly.

Conclusion: The conclusion is usually a mixture of the past, present, and future tenses. The future tense is typically used in the conclusion only to talk about future work. For example, “Further research on this protein will determine its exact structure.”

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Correct colon usage with other punctuation

その他のマークと同時に利用するコロン
◎ Usage of colon with other marks

Whenever a colon is used in conjunction with closing quotation marks, place it after the quotes. It should also follow a parenthesis.

For example,
He began with “The Village Blacksmith”: “Under the spreading chestnut tree…”
There are several advantages to growing the red mulberry (Morus rubra): Its fruits are edible…”

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