“Elder” と “Older” について(II)

◎ “Older than” vs. “Elder than” (II)

It is incorrect to say “elder than,” but “older than” is correct.

Wrong: The study reports the incidence of multi-infarct dementia in a population elder than 76 years in the US.
Right: The study reports the incidence of multi-infarct dementia in a population older than 76 years in the US.
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Elder or older?

Elder” と “Older” について(I)

◎ “Elder” vs. “Older” (I)
The word “elder” is only used when referring to the age of people. However, “older” is used to refer to both people and things.

Use of elder (people): This hospital provides care for elder and dependent adults.
Use of older (people): This hospital provides care for older and dependent adults.
Use of older (things): The older layers of wood are heavier than the external layers.

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Different vs. Various

“Different” と “Various” について

◎Different vs. Various
Use “various” when you want to refer to several differences.

Wordy: The direct forces among polyelectrolytes in solutions of several different anions and cations were parametrized.

Concise: The direct forces among polyelectrolytes in solutions of various anions and cations were parametrized.

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"data" の使い方について(III)

◎Database vs. Dataset (III)
While data is a group of individual items, a “database” is the formal structure to carry the data for retrieval and analysis. A “dataset,” on the other hand, is a set of data maintained in a database.

Database: Each laboratory maintained a database of fingerprint patterns.
Dataset: Five datasets of preprocessed fingerprints were deleted from the database

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More on usage of "DATA"

data” の使い方について(II)

◎Usage of “data”: Countability (II)

It is wrong to say “four data” or “the number of data....” as it is an “uncountable” noun.
Wrong: The number of data was so large that combing through it to search for new features may not be feasible.
Right: The amount of data was so large that combing through it to search for new features may not be feasible.


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Correct usage of "DATA"

“data” の使い方について(I)

◎Usage of “data”: Singular or Plural (I)

Data is considered to be the plural form of the noun “datum,” and should thus be used with a plural verb, e.g., “These data are....” However, the singular verb is also widely used with data when data is referred to in a collective sense, e.g., “This data tells us....”
In formal or scientific writing, it is recommended that data be used as a plural word.

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Absorption vs Adsorption - II

“Adsorption” と “Absorption” について (II)

◎ Adsorption vs. Absorption
Adsorption: Adsorption is the physical process in which liquids, gases, or suspended matters adhere to the surfaces of adsorbent materials.

Wrong: The Absorption of Gases on Plane Surfaces of Glass
Right: The Adsorption of Gases on Plane Surfaces of Glass

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Absorption or Adsorption

Absorption と Adsorptionについて (I)

◎ Absorption vs. Adsorption (I)

Absorption: Absorption is the physical or chemical process in which ions, atoms, molecules, or ions enter a gas, liquid, or solid phase.

Wrong: The Adsorption of Solar Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere
Right: The Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere

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Example or Sample - what to use?

Example と Sample について

◎ Example vs. Sample

Example: An example of a particular class of objects has several of the typical features of that class, or is a representative of that class.

Wrong: Previously, Powell (1984) gave a sample of the censored least absolute deviations estimator.
Right: Previously, Powell (1984) gave an example of the censored least absolute deviations estimator.

Sample: A sample of a substance or product is a small quantity of it, to give you an idea of the complete product. Sample, in a scientific context, also refers to a small amount of a substance that is examined and analyzed.

Wrong: It is not possible to fit a model when only an example of sites is surveyed.
Right: It is not possible to fit a model when only a sample of sites is surveyed.

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Continual vs Continuous

“Continual” と “Continuous”について

◎ “Continual” vs. “Continuous”
Continual: This refers to something that stops and starts in a constant progression.

Wrong: Continuous ligation of the T cell receptor is necessary for the survival of T cells.
Right: Continual ligation of the T cell receptor is necessary for the survival of T cells.

Continuous: This refers to something that occurs constantly without stopping.

Wrong: The photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching was continually recorded.

Right: The photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching was continuously recorded


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Fever or Temperature?

Fever” と “Temperature”について

◎ “Fever” vs. “Temperature”

Fever is a “condition” wherein the body temperature increases above normal. It should not be confused with the word “temperature,” which is a measure of the condition fever. Note that temperature and fever should not be used interchangeably.

Wrong: She had a fever of 39.1 degree Celsius.
Right: She had a temperature of 39.1 degree Celsius,indicating a fever.

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Dilation vs Dilatation

“Dilation” と “Dilatation”について

◎ “Dilation” vs. “Dilatation”

Dilation: This refers to the “act” of dilating, i.e., the act of enlarging an opening or hollow structure, e.g., when blood vessels or pupils of eyes become wider or enlarge, they are dilating.

Wrong: The red cell velocity was closely correlated with the dilatation.
Right: The red cell velocity was closely correlated with the dilation.

Dilatation: This refers to the “condition” of being stretched or expanded, beyond normal dimensions.

Wrong: When the cervical dilation was 8 cm, the rate of Cesarean section performed was similar in both subjects.
Right: When the cervical dilatation was 8 cm, the rate of Cesarean section performed was similar in both subjects.


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Imply vs Infer (II)

Infer” と “Imply” について(II)

◎ “Infer” vs. “Imply” (II)
Infer: It means to “conclude” from evidence or to draw an inference from reasoning.

Wrong: From these results, we imply that cycle 23 should be
above average in size and a fast riser.
Right: From these results, we infer that cycle 23 should be
above average in size and a fast riser.

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Imply vs Infer

Imply” と “Infer” について(I)

◎ “Imply” vs. “Infer” (I)
Imply: It means to “suggest” a logical consequence or express something indirectly.

Wrong: They showed that the conversion was sensitive to viscosity, thus inferring that the largest barrier is substrate binding.
Right: They showed that the conversion was sensitive to viscosity, implying that the largest barrier is substrate binding.

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Dose or Dosage (II)

◎ “Dosage” vs. “Dose” (II)
Dosage: It refers to a “regime,” i.e., regulated administration of individual doses, in prescribed amounts. It is usually expressed as a quantity per unit time.

Wrong: The dose of desipramine was 4.5 mg/day.
Right: The dosage of desipramine was 4.5 mg/day.

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Dose or Dosage

Dose” と “Dosage”について(I)

◎ “Dose” vs. “Dosage” (I)
Dose: It refers to the “quantity” or “measured portion” of therapeutic agents (drugs, medicine, radiation, etc.) administered at one time. It also refers to the total quantity administered during a specified period.

Wrong: The patient was administered an initial dosage of 23 mg.
Right: The patient was administered an initial dose of 23 mg.

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Adapt vs adopt (II)

“Adopt” と “Adapt” について(II)

◎ “Adopt” vs. “Adapt” (II)
Adopt: To adopt something means to “use” it or to show a particular attitude towards it.
Intended Meaning: We used the technique of priming to study the nature of the cognitive representation.

Wrong: We adapted the technique of priming to study the nature of the cognitive representation.
Right: We adopted the technique of priming to study the nature of the cognitive representation

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Adapt vs Adopt (Word choice)

“Adapt” と “Adopt” について(I)

◎ “Adapt” vs. “Adopt” (I)

Adapt: To adapt something means to “change/modify” it to make it suitable for a new situation.

Intended Meaning: We changed the technique of single-fiber PCR for single–renal tubule PCR.
Wrong: We adopted the technique of single-fiber PCR for single–renal tubule PCR.
Right: We adapted the technique of single-fiber PCR for single–renal tubule PCR.

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More on capitalization

元素記号と化学反応の大文字表記について(I)

◎ Capitalization of reaction names preceded by element symbols (I)
Some reaction names are preceded by element symbols. The first letter of the reaction name is lowercased when used in the middle of a sentence. Whereas, the first letter of the reaction name is capitalized when used at the beginning of a sentence or in a title/heading.

Beginning of a sentence:
Wrong: N-oxidation of 2-AF was catalyzed by hepatic
microsomes from rats.
Right: N-Oxidation of 2-AF was catalyzed by hepatic
microsomes from rats


Middle of a sentence:
Wrong: However, N-Oxidation of MOCA was preferentially catalyzed.
Right: However, N-oxidation of MOCA was preferentially catalyzed.

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“locant”の化学名の大文字表記について

◎ Capitalization of chemical names with locants (III)
In chemical names with locants, the first letter of the syllabic
portion is capitalized when used in a title/heading (or at the beginning of a sentence).

In a title/heading:
Wrong: Treatment of 1-bromo-3-chloropropane Using PEG-600
Right: Treatment of 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane Using PEG-600


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“locant”の化学名の大文字表記について(I)

◎ Capitalization of chemical names with locants
In chemical names with locants, all syllabic portions are lowercased in the middle of a sentence. The first letter of the syllabic portion is capitalized when used at the beginning of a sentence or in a title/heading. (Note that only the first syllabic portion is capitalized for chemical names with locants at the beginning of a sentence.)


Middle of a sentence:
Wrong: LDA was added to solutions of 1-Bromo-3-Chloropropane.
Right: LDA was added to solutions of 1-bromo-3-chloropropane.

Start of a sentence/Title:
Wrong: 1-bromo-3-chloropropane solutions were used to extract
the tissues.
Right: 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane solutions were used to extract
the tissues.


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