Presenting numerical data

数値データの様々な表現方法

◎ There are many ways to present numerical data in an academic paper:

- A pipe that was 2 cm long was used to aid in burial.
- A pipe, 2 cm in length, was used to aid in burial.
- A 2-cm pipe was used to aid in burial

In the third example, the numeral and unit modify the noun pipe, and are hyphenated.

Other examples:
- wave of 4 feet -> 4-foot wave
- tube with a diameter of 6 mm -> 6-mm-diameter tube

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クリムゾン・インタラクティブ
-> 英文校正・校閲エナゴ
-> 英語テープ起こしボックスタブ
-> 翻訳ユレイタス

Cardinal and ordinal numbers

数字について

◎ In academic papers, cardinal (zero, one, two…) and ordinal (first, second, and third) numbers are used in combination with nouns and adjectives to modify other nouns. In such cases, a hyphen is usually used after the number. Consider the following
combinations.

Example 1: The implications for zero-base budgeting were analyzed.
Example 2: As a result, the following second-order equation was obtained.

クリムゾン・インタラクティブ
-> 英文校正・校閲エナゴ
-> 英語テープ起こしボックスタブ
-> 翻訳ユレイタス

Using hyphens for word count reduction

単語の省略について

◎ Consider the following sentence: We selected 3-year-old, 4-year-old, and 5-year-old children in our sample.

In this sentence, “year-old” is repeating. To shorten this sentence, we can suspend the hyphens after 3 and 4. That is, we can write the sentence as “We selected 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in our sample.”

Other examples:
-> 25- to 50-mg samples
-> first- and second-order reactions

クリムゾン・インタラクティブ
-> 英文校正・校閲エナゴ
-> 英語テープ起こしボックスタブ
-> 翻訳ユレイタス

Using abbreviations without redundancy

略語の使い方について

◎ Abbreviations such as AIDS and ATM are often followed by the words “syndrome” and “machine,” respectively. This is awkward because then the phrases will be read as “acquired immune deficiency syndrome syndrome” and “automated teller machine machine.”

This can be avoided by verifying that the last letter of the abbreviation does not stand for the word that follows it.

Wordy: An LED diode was used as a light source in the detector.
Concise: An LED was used as a light source in the detector.

Effective usage of pronouns

代名詞の使用について

◎ Pronouns such as “it” and “this” can be used very effectively to avoid repetition. They should be used to replace nouns, when the noun is repeated in successive phrases or sentences.

Wordy: Under certain concentrations of methotrexate, the DHFR gene and also the DHFR gene’s product are amplified.
Concise: Under certain concentrations of methotrexate, the DHFR gene and its product are amplified.

-> In this example, the possessive pronoun “its” is used instead of the phrase “the DHFR gene’s.”

Single verbs vs. wordy noun phrases

動詞の利用について(2)

◎ In any manuscript, single verbs should be used to replace wordy noun phrases wherever possible.

Wordy: Our results are found to be in agreement with those of Xing et al.
Concise: Our results agree with those of Xing et al.

Other examples:
- gave a report -> reported
- made an analysis -> analyzed
- offered a suggestion -> suggested

Effective verb usage

動詞の利用について(1)

◎ Use verbs effectively when introducing the contents of your paper, study, tables, and figures.

Wordy: In this study, an analysis of the high-energy compound phosphoenol pyruvate is shown.
Concise: This study analyzes the high-energy compound phosphoenol pyruvate.

Other options
- This paper presents/describes/examines/discusses
- This study analyzes/investigates/explores/supports