Correct usage of question marks in indirect questions

間接疑問文での疑問符の利用
◎ Usage of question marks in indirect questions

Do not use a question mark after indirect questions.

For example,
Incorrect: John had wondered why?
Correct: John had wondered why.

Also, carefully study the following constructions:
Correct: It is well to ask, what is the precedent in this case? (Direct)
Also Correct: It is well to ask what is the precedent is this case. (Indirect)

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Use of italics in book titles

本の題名でのイタリック体の利用
◎ Use of italics in book titles

Titles of books are usually set in italics (indicated here by /…/): /Canterbury Tales/, /Naruto/

Be careful about the use of italics for a title that is placed after a preposition in constructions such as

Incorrect: In Jackson’s book on /Immunity to Parasitic Animals/…
Correct: In Jackson’s book on immunity to parasitic animals…
Also Correct: In Jackson’s book /Immunity to Parasitic Animals/…

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Use of commas in numbers

数字の表記について
◎ Use of commas in numbers

Four-figure numbers are usually set with commas (8,970). However, some house styles prefer no commas: 8970. Be sure to check your journal’s style guide for this rule.

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Word choice - "rare" or "scare"

”Rare” と “Scarce” について

◎ Rare vs. Scarce

Rare means distinctive or unusual.
For example, A rare virus was suspected.
Scarce means difficult to find or in limited quantity.
For example, Anthrax vaccine is scarce in developing countries.

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"Precede" vs. "Proceed"

”Precede” と “Proceed” について

◎ Precede vs. Proceed
These words are confused for reasons of similar pronunciation and spelling.
To “precede” means to go before or in front of.
For example, The parade was preceded by two conductors, tossing and twirling their batons.
To “proceed” means to go forward or move ahead.
For example, The parade then proceeded up the High Street.

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What to use - "Can not" or "Cannot"

”Cannot” と “Can not” について

◎ Cannot vs. Can not

“Cannot” is the preferred form except for the rare instance when a writer wishes to emphasize the “not.” For example, You can run and you can hide but you can not escape me.

The latter can also be used when the writer wants to be emphatic: No, you can not wash the dog in the river.

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Word choice - Ambiguous or Ambivalent

”Ambiguous” と “Ambivalent” について

◎ Ambiguous vs. Ambivalent
“Ambiguous” describes a thing or an action that can be interpreted as having several conflicting meanings or aspects in a given context.

For example, When I asked Stuart if he condemned my action he gave me an ambiguous answer

“Ambivalent” describes the state of mind of a person who has two contradictory attitudes.

For example, The French are ambivalent about royalty: they abolished their own monarchy but are very interested in the British royal family.

Note: Generally, only people are ambivalent.

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Appropriate usage of numbers (II)

数字の扱い(II)

◎Treatment of numbers (II)
A number should not be used to start a sentence. Instead, the number should be spelled out or the sentence should be rewritten such that the number is not at the beginning.

Wrong: 100,000 yen was the total amount.
Right: The total amount was 100,000 yen.

Wrong: 1941 saw our entry into the war.
Right: The year 1941 saw our entry into the war.

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Appropriate usage of numbers

数字の扱い(I)

◎ Treatment of numbers (I)

When many numbers appear in the same context in the same sentence, the style of the larger number should be used:

Poor: Only 132 men and ten women were interviewed.
Better: Only 132 men and 10 women were interviewed.

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More on Apostrophe

アポストロフィの利用について(III)

◎ Usage of the Apostrophe (III)

Use an apostrophe to form a contraction. The apostrophe replaces the missing letters.
For example:

Phrase: did not
Contraction: didn’t

Phrase: would not
Contraction: wouldn’t

Warning! Most publications consider contractions to be informal. Therefore, they should be avoided in academic writing.

Use an apostrophe to form the plural of a lowercase letter.

Incorrect: The spelling of Mississippi has four ss, four is, two ps and one M.

Correct: The spelling of Mississippi has four s’s, four i’s, two p’s and one M.


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Correct usage of Apostrophe (II)

アポストロフィの利用について(II)

◎ Usage of the Apostrophe (II)

To show possession (plural nouns)

With plural nouns that do not end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form of the possessive of such plural nouns, add an apostrophe plus an “s;” that is, Without apostrophe: growth of the bacteria

With apostrophe: the bacteria's growth

With plural nouns that end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form of the possessive of such plural nouns, add only an apostrophe; that is, Without apostrophe: silence for two minutes

With apostrophe: two minutes’ silence

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Correct usage of Apostrophe

アポストロフィの利用について(I)

◎ Usage of the Apostrophe (I)

To show possession (singular nouns)

With singular nouns that do not end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form the possessive of such singular nouns, add an apostrophe plus an “s”; that is, Without apostrophe: bat of John

With apostrophe: John’s bat

With singular nouns that end in “s” or an “s” sound: To form the possessive of such singular nouns, add only an apostrophe; that is, Without apostrophe: bat of James

With apostrophe: James’ bat

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Tips on Colon usage (V)

コロンについて(V)

◎ Colon (V)
Usage of Colon: with formal statements
Use a colon to introduce formal statements, e.g., quotations or paraphrases.

Incorrect: I have only two questions; Which is the most complete open cluster database? And how expensive is it?
Correct: I have only two questions: Which is the most complete open cluster database? And how expensive is it?

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Tips on Colon usage (IV)

コロンについて(IV)

◎ Colon (IV)

Usage of Colon: with independent clauses
Use a colon between two causes to signal a special relationship between the two clauses. That is, when the second clause explains the meaning of the first or expands its meaning.
Avoid: The doctor had no intention of visiting the patient; he was tired of the false calls.
Better: The doctor had no intention of visiting the patient: he was tired of the false calls.

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Tips on Colon usage (III)

コロンについて(III)

Colon (III)
To introduce equations: A colon is usually used to introduce equations. Note that, like lists, a colon should not be used after a preposition or verb.

Incorrect: The relation between x and y is given as: x = 2y
Correct: The relation between x and y is given as follows: x = 2y
Note that in the correct example, what precedes the colon is an independent clause

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Tips on Colon usage (II)

コロンについて(II)

Colon (II)

Vertical list
Incorrect: The three guiding principles of his life are:
(1) precision
(2) realism
(3) generality

Correct: His life reflects three guiding principles:
(1) precision
(2) realism
(3) generality

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Tips on Colon usage (I)

コロンについて(I)

Colon (I)
Horizontal lists: A colon is used to introduce horizontal and vertical lists. If a verb or preposition introduces the list, then the colon is not needed.

Horizontal list with preposition:
Incorrect: The milieu consists of: dendritic cells and T cells.
Correct: The milieu consists of two types of cells: dendritic cells and T cells.

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Semicolon (III)

セミコロンについて(III)

Semicolon (III)
Use semicolons between elements in a series when any of the elements have internal commas.

Incorrect: Cities he visited prior to his accident include Albany, New York, Cairo, Illinois, and Fresno, California.
Correct: Cities he visited prior to his accident include Albany, New York; Cairo, Illinois; and Fresno, California.

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More on semicolon usage

セミコロンについて(II)

Semicolon (II)
Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, thus, etc.) that connects two independent clauses and a comma follows the adverb.

Incorrect: Fragments of habitat are often viewed as islands; however habitat fragmentation includes a wide range of spatial patterns.
Correct: Fragments of habitat are often viewed as islands; however, habitat fragmentation includes a wide range of spatial patterns.


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