Inclusive page numbers

[195]
ジャーナルフォーマット：ページ番号について

Journal Formatting: Inclusive page numbers

When the guidelines for end-list references state that the page numbers should be inclusive, it implies that the first page and the last page of the article should be mentioned.

For example, 421–435 or 421–35. Both these representations include the first page and the last page.
Some journals specify that only the first page of the article (noninclusive page numbers) should be provided. In that case, you would write only 421 instead of 421–435 or 421–35.


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Avoid wordiness

くどい表現について

Wordiness in academic writing

In academic writing, it is best to avoid wordy constructions to express your meaning as clearly as possible. Given below are few examples of how wordy constructions can be replaced with more concise words or phrases.
“Concerning the matter of”  “About”
“During the course of”  “During”
“Due to the fact that”  “Because”
“In the event that”  “If”

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Usage of articles with techniques and method names

冠詞の使い方
Usage of articles (a/an/the) in technique and method names

Technique or method names such as “microscopy” and “spectroscopy” are uncountable nouns and do not take articles. However, equipment names such as “microscope” and “spectroscope” will take articles.

That is,
Incorrect: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Correct: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Correct: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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Usage of "as well as"

“as well as”の利用について

◎Usage of “as well as”

The phrase “as well as” is used when you want to mention another item connected with the subject you are discussing. However, note that it does not substitute the word “and”; that is, it does not compound/join words, phrases, or clauses. When using this phrase, the noun placed before “as well as” determines the number.

For example,

Incorrect: Dopamine, as well as norepinephrine, are a link between noradrenergic nerve terminals and splenocytes.

Correct: Dopamine, as well as norepinephrine, is a link between noradrenergic nerve terminals and splenocytes.

Also correct: Free radicals as well as nonradical oxidants are involved in the oxidative modification of LDL in vivo.

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Usage of commas in dates

日付に使用するコンマについて(I)

◎Usage of commas in dates

In American English, comma usage in dates depends on the date style.
If the date is given as month, day, year, then place a comma after the day and the year.

For example,
Thank you for your decision letter dated October 4, 2007, regarding the manuscript…
*Do not use commas when there is no mention of the day.
For example, Plutonium was discovered in March 1940.

In British English, comma is placed only after the year to set the date off from the remainder of the sentence.

For example,
Thank you for your decision letter dated 4 October 2007, regarding the manuscript…


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Words not to capitalize in a title

タイトルの大文字について

◎Which words should not be capitalized in a title?

Follow these guidelines to decide which words NOT TO capitalize in a title (unless they are the first or the last words in a title).
--articles (a, an, the)
--coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)
--the word “to” that marks infinitives (to walk, to run, to play)
--prepositions (stylistic: some style guides advocate capitalizing longer prepositions, e.g., between, among, throughout)

Example: Direct Determination of the Energy Required to Operate a Single Molecule Switch

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Usage of the term "Overview"

“Overview” の使い方

◎Usage of Overview

An “overview” of a situation is a general understanding or description of it as a whole. This word should only be used as a noun, and not a verb. That is,

Incorrect: This paper overviews the properties of long wavelength optical amplifiers.
Correct: This paper presents an overview of the properties of long wavelength optical amplifiers.

In the incorrect example, “overview” can also be replaced by a suitable verb, such as “review” or “examine.” That is,

Also correct: This paper reviews the properties of long wavelength optical amplifiers.

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"Incident" or "Incidence" - What to use?

“Incident” と “Incidence” について

Incident: An incident is something that happens, often something that is unpleasant.

Example: In that incident the level of contamination of the maize involved was between 6 and 16 ppm.

Incidence: The incidence of something bad, such as a disease, is the frequency with which it occurs, or the occasions when it occurs.

Example: The incidence of histologically proved hepatocellular carcinoma increased to 1.4 per 100,000 population

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Farther vs. Further

“Farther” と “Further” について

◎Farther vs. Further

Farther and further are both comparative forms of `far'. Farthest and furthest are the superlative forms.

When you are talking about distance, you can use any of these forms.

Example: Birds were able to find food by flying farther and farther.
Example: The sun is then at its furthest point to the south.

However, when you are talking about the degree or extent of something, you can only use further or furthest.

Example: He needed to develop his reading further.

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"Beside" vs. "Besides" - What is the difference?

“Beside” と “Besides” について

◎Beside vs. Besides

Beside: If one thing is beside another, it is next to it or at the side of it.
Example: Beside the shed was a huge wire birdcage.

Besides: Besides means “in addition to” or “as well as.”
Example: What languages do you know besides Japanese and English?

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"Collaborate" vs. "Cooperate"

“Collaborate” と “Cooperate” について

◎Collaborate vs. Cooperate

Collaborate: When people collaborate on a project, they work together in order to produce something. For example, two writers can collaborate to produce a single piece of writing.
Example: Anthony and I are collaborating on a paper for the conference.

Cooperate: When people cooperate, they help each other.
Example: They are willing to cooperate in the training of medical personnel.

If you cooperate with someone who asks for your help, you help them.
Example: The editors agreed to cooperate.

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Whether to use "change of" or "change in"?

“change of” と “change in”について

◎Use “change of” when you are speaking of things at a macro level, and use “change in” when you are speaking of things at a micro level.

“Change of the process” implies that the whole process changes, while “change in the process” implies that something in the process changes.

Incorrect: The FT-IR spectra showed no change of the C=O band.
Correct: The FT-IR spectra showed no change in the C=O band.

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Tip for selecting keywords

◎Key words

Proper names, specific procedures or techniques, outcome areas, capitalized events and eras, titles of books or articles, and definitions make the best key words.

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Capitalization of seasons

◎Capitalization of seasons

Do not capitalize the names of seasons when they are used in a general sense.
Exception: They can be capitalized when used with another noun and function as proper nouns.
For example: spring, fall, Spring term
Seasons can also be capitalized when used in a title, e.g., The Fall 1999 semester
Note: For university applications, be sure to check the in-house style guide for capitalization of seasons. Several universities insist on using lower casing for seasons.

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Capitalization of geographic terms

◎Capitalization of geographic terms
Divisions of the earth’s surface: Cap the names of the great divisions of the earth’s surface; also the names of distinct regions or districts.

For example,
Arctic Circle
North Pole
Great Divide
Tropic of Cancer

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Avoiding redundancy (III)

◎Redundancy-III
The prepositional phrases in certain expressions can be redundant and should be deleted.

For example,
Big in size
Biography of his life
Few in number

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Avoiding redundacy (II)

冗長 - II
◎Redundancy-II

The word “both” is often used redundantly; it should be omitted in the sentences like the following:
They are both alike.
They both go hand in hand.

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