Tips to use "semicolon"

◎ Semicolon (I)

Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses when the clauses are closely related and with clauses that are not connected by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, for, etc.)

Correct: The sample was cooled under a zero-applied field, and after that, a field of 100 Oe was applied.

Correct: The sample was cooled under a zero-applied field; after that, a field of 100 Oe was applied.

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Usage of "Similarly" and "In the same manner"

“Similarly” と “In the Same Manner”について

◎ “Similarly” vs. “In the Same Manner”

Use “similarly” to refer to something that is not entirely the same as something that has just been stated.

For example, The randomized number at site 1 is obtained by computing the number of ones in the first Y(1). Similarly, the number at site 2 is obtained by considering the number of ones in rows Y(1) + 1 to Y(2).

Use “in the same manner” to emphasize that something is done in the exact same way as something that has just been stated.

For example, This result follows from Smith (1978; Proposition 2.2).
The values of a(c;q) are determined in the same manner.

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"In comparison with" or "Compared to"

“In comparison with” と “Compared to”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “In comparison with” and “Compared to”

Use the forms “in comparison with” and “compared to” as connectives to draw comparisons between two things.

Incorrect: Comparing with (to) B, the value of A was large.

Correct: In comparison with B, the value of A was large.

Also Correct: Compared to B, the value of A was large.

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"Instead" vs. "Rather"

“Instead” と “Rather”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “Instead” and “Rather”

Use “instead” to refer to something being done in place of something else that has just been mentioned.

For example, He instructed the patient to move his left hand; instead, he moved his right one.
Use “rather” to introduce an idea that is different from or opposite to the idea that you have stated previously.

For example, The rules of competition are not completely governed by price; rather, companies compete on the basis of the services provided.

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When to use "In theory" and "In practice"

“In theory” と “In practice”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “In theory” and “In practice”
In theory: Use “in theory” when you want to refer to something that may not be true or realized in real situations.

In practice: Use “in practice” to refer to things that actually happen, rather than those that are supposed to happen.

In theory, a rural education system exists, but in practice, there are few teachers to teach.

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Usage of "In conclusion" and "In summary"

“In conclusion” と “In summary”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “In conclusion” and “In summary”

In conclusion: Use “in conclusion” to present information that ends a discussion on something.
In conclusion, swimming is one of the best forms of exercises.

In summary: Use “in summary” to present information that is a summary of what has already been stated.
In summary, this training program was extremely useful for soccer players.


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"In particular" and "Particularly"

"In particular” と “particularly”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “In particular” and “particularly”

“In particular” is used as an introductory phrase, while “particularly” is used a normal adverb, and cannot be used as an introductory word.
In particular: The interpretation of the coupling behavior remains a matter of debate. In particular, the thickness dependence is not yet clear.
Particularly: The interpretation of the coupling behavior remains a matter of
debate, particularly the thickness dependence.

◎ Note that “In particular” and “Particularly” cannot be used interchangeably.
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Usage of 'Furthermore'

“Furthermore”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “Furthermore”
Use “furthermore” to introduce information that adds to or supports a previous point.
For example, Nested PCR enhanced the sensitivity by a factor of 10. Furthermore, we showed that it also enhanced the primer.

◎ Note that “further” and “furthermore” cannot always be used interchangeably.

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Usage of 'Further'

“Further”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “Further”
Use “further” as a formal alternative for “and” to provide additional information on a particular topic.

For example, Research has shown that it is important to invest in the intellectual development of a child. Further, we observe that this development is related to the child’s educational experience.

◎ Note that “further” and “furthermore” cannot always be used interchangeably.

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When to use "For example"

“For Example”の使い方について

◎ Usage of “For Example”
Use “for example” to explain or emphasize something by providing an example of it.

For example: There exist other resampling techniques that produce more economical variance estimates. For example, the jackknife produces more economical estimates than the bootstrap.
*Note that “for example” and “for instance” can be used interchangeably.

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Usage of However (III)

"However"の使い方について (III)

◎ Usage of “However” (III)
Use “however” when you want to write something that contrasts with the preceding sentence or clause. Although, it is usually used as an introductory word, it can also be used in the middle of a sentence. Note the placement of the commas and semicolons

For example, Two frequencies exist in the meandering solutions; however, only one represents the original frequency.

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Usage of However (II)

“However”の使い方について (II)

◎ Usage of “However” (II)
Use “however” when you want to write something that contrasts with the preceding sentence or clause. Although, it is usually used as an introductory word, it can also be used in the middle of a sentence; note the placement of the commas.

For example, Two frequencies exist in the meandering solutions. Only one of them, however, represents the original frequency of the periodic spiral.

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Usage of However

“However”の使い方について (I)

◎ Usage of “However” (I)

Use “however” when you want to write something that contrasts with the preceding sentence or clause. It is usually used as an introductory word; note the placement of the comma.

For example, Two frequencies exist in the meandering solutions. However, only one of them represents the original frequency of the periodic spiral.

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Usage of Comma

“Comma” の使い方について

◎Usage of Comma: In Dialogue
Use commas in dialogue to separate the speaker's exact words from the writer’s descriptive information within the sentence.

Example 1
“I’m so sorry,” consoled the doctor.

Example 2
Upon examining my circuit, Professor Yang exclaimed, “This circuit is too complex to be used effectively.”


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"In" "spite" or "inspite"

“In spite of” の使い方について

◎Usage of “In spite of”
It is incorrect to say “inspite of”; that is, “in” and “spite” are two separate words.

Wrong: There are only few studies on molecular mechanisms inspite of the sensitization of nociceptors to heat stimuli.

Right: There are only few studies on molecular mechanisms in spite of the sensitization of nociceptors to heat stimuli.

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Correct use of "despite"

“Despite” の使い方について

◎Usage of “Despite”
It is incorrect to say “despite of”

Wrong: Specific target tissues remained intact after treatment despite of the presence of inflammatory cells.
Right: Specific target tissues remained intact after treatment despite the presence of inflammatory cells

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Homogeneous or Homogenous

"Homogeneous” と “Homogenous” について

◎ “Homogeneous” vs. “Homogenous”

Homogeneous: It means consisting of similar parts or having a uniform structure or compositions that are similar in nature, e.g., homogeneous groups, bodies, mixtures, particles, principles, or population.

Homogenous: It means having a resemblance between structures because of common ancestral origins. It is commonly confused with homogeneous. However, it is used in biology and derived from “homogeny.”

Wrong: Characterization showed that the strains of Frankia are homogeneous.
Right: Characterization showed that the strains of Frankia are homogenous.

Wrong: The concerns raised by these policies are homogenous in nature.
Right: The concerns raised by these policies are homogeneous in nature.


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Few or "a few" (II)

“Few” と “a few” について(II)

◎ “Few” vs. “a few” (II)
Few: When few is used without “a,” it emphasizes that there are only a small number of people/things of a particular kind. It is used in a negative sense.

Intended Meaning: Not many studies are available…

Wrong: A few studies are available…
Right: Few studies are available…

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Few or "a few" (I)

“Few” と “a few” について(I)

◎ “A few” vs. “few” (I)
A few: It is used synonymously with “a small number of.”
Intended Meaning: A small number of studies have been conducted to investigate the expression of these proteins.

Wrong: Few studies have been conducted to investigate the expression of these proteins.
Right: A few studies have been conducted to investigate the expression of these proteins.

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