1文字の大文字をハイフンでつなぐ場合について

◎ Typically, compounds in which the first element is a single capital letter are hyphenated. For example, U-turn, X-ray, H-bomb, S-wave

Note that “X-ray” is also hyphenated when it is lowercase, i.e., when it functions as a verb:
- Uppercase: They took X-rays of the baggage.
- Lowercase: The baggage was x-rayed.

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親族に使うハイフンについて

◎ Hyphenation with different family relationships:

1. Use hyphen with family relations with ‘in-law’ (brother-in-law)
2. Optional hyphen with family relations preceded by ‘great’ (great grandmother or great-grandmother)
3. No hyphen with two-word expressions (half sister) or one-word expressions (stepsister)


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Hyphenation with "fold"

ハイフンと同時に使う“fold”について

◎ Now we explain when to hyphenate and when not to hyphenate with the suffix “fold”

- Hyphen: Numeral + “fold”: 2-fold, 10-fold, etc.
- No hyphen: spelled out number + “fold”: twofold, tenfold, etc.

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Hyphenation with "well"

ハイフンと同時に使う“well”について

◎ Here we explain when to hyphenate and when not to hyphenate with the word “well.”

- Hyphenate “well” when it is used in combination with a participle “before” the noun it describes: Hyphenate: It is a well-known theorem.
- Do not hyphenate “well” when it is used “after” the noun it describes: The theorem is well known.


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本や論文から引用する際のフレーズ

◎ Citations are very important to credit other authors, and avoid
plagiarism. We give you four scenarios of when to cite:

- Cite direct quotations taken from another paper, conference, or book
- Cite information that you have paraphrased (or rewritten)
- Cite opinions and interpretations taken from other sources
- Cite words and phrases that are unique to an author's research


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More on hyphens

文章を明確にするためのハイフン

◎ Hyphens are also used with numbers only for the purpose of clarity. For example,
Unclear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24 well plates.
Clear: Cardiomyocytes were plated in 24-well plates.

In this example, if the hyphen was not used, then it could be thought that there were 24 “well plates.” Inserting the hyphen clarifies that each plate has 24 wells.

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Usage of hyphens

ハイフンを使った数字の表現

◎ Hyphens are used with spelled-out numbers from twenty-one (21) to ninety-nine (99).

Incorrect: nine-teen, five-hundred
Correct: nineteen, five hundred



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