Using abbreviations without redundancy

略語の使い方について

◎ Abbreviations such as AIDS and ATM are often followed by the words “syndrome” and “machine,” respectively. This is awkward because then the phrases will be read as “acquired immune deficiency syndrome syndrome” and “automated teller machine machine.”

This can be avoided by verifying that the last letter of the abbreviation does not stand for the word that follows it.

Wordy: An LED diode was used as a light source in the detector.
Concise: An LED was used as a light source in the detector.

Effective usage of pronouns

代名詞の使用について

◎ Pronouns such as “it” and “this” can be used very effectively to avoid repetition. They should be used to replace nouns, when the noun is repeated in successive phrases or sentences.

Wordy: Under certain concentrations of methotrexate, the DHFR gene and also the DHFR gene’s product are amplified.
Concise: Under certain concentrations of methotrexate, the DHFR gene and its product are amplified.

-> In this example, the possessive pronoun “its” is used instead of the phrase “the DHFR gene’s.”

Single verbs vs. wordy noun phrases

動詞の利用について(2)

◎ In any manuscript, single verbs should be used to replace wordy noun phrases wherever possible.

Wordy: Our results are found to be in agreement with those of Xing et al.
Concise: Our results agree with those of Xing et al.

Other examples:
- gave a report -> reported
- made an analysis -> analyzed
- offered a suggestion -> suggested

Effective verb usage

動詞の利用について(1)

◎ Use verbs effectively when introducing the contents of your paper, study, tables, and figures.

Wordy: In this study, an analysis of the high-energy compound phosphoenol pyruvate is shown.
Concise: This study analyzes the high-energy compound phosphoenol pyruvate.

Other options
- This paper presents/describes/examines/discusses
- This study analyzes/investigates/explores/supports

Usage of "both"

“both”について

◎ The word “both” is used to refer to “two” people or things. Therefore, it should not be used along with the word “two.”

Incorrect: Thus, both two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are obtained from one molecule of glucose.
Correct: Thus, both molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are obtained from one molecule of glucose.

Conjuctions "And" and "But"

“and”と”but”について

◎ The conjunction “and” is used to indicate additional information, while “but” is used to show contrast. Some publications consider it informal to use “and” and “but” at the beginning of a sentence.

Formal alternatives for “and”: in addition, further, furthermore, and moreover
Formal alternatives for “but”: however, on the other hand, nevertheless, and conversely

http://crimsonjapan.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html

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Single vs Phrasal verbs

動詞の受け取られ方について

◎ Single verbs are considered more formal than phrasal verbs (usually verb + preposition) used to express the same action.

Informal: As the shuttle moves to the atmosphere, its surface catches fire.
Formal: As the shuttle approaches the atmosphere, its surface ignites.