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Use of commas in numbers

数字の表記について
◎ Use of commas in numbers
Commas are used almost always for numbers of six or more digits, and optionally for five (or even four) digits.

For example,
3,460,759
34,578
4,940
Please check your journal’s style guide for this rule, especially in four and five digit numbers.

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Unclear pronouns

Academic Style: Unclear pronouns

When writing an academic paper, “ambiguous” words and phrases should be avoided. The use of unclear pronouns (e.g., it, this, and them) that could refer to more than one thing or situation is a common case of ambiguity.

Ambiguous: Carry the nuts and bolts in two separate containers. Before lifting them, make sure your gloves are on.
Here, it is unclear what “them” refers to. “Them” could mean the (a) nuts, (b) bolts, (c) nuts and bolts, or (d) the containers.

If the author is referring to the containers, the following sentence should be used:
Clear: Carry the nuts and bolts in two separate containers. Before lifting the containers, make sure your gloves are on.

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Inclusive page numbers

[195]
ジャーナルフォーマット：ページ番号について

Journal Formatting: Inclusive page numbers

When the guidelines for end-list references state that the page numbers should be inclusive, it implies that the first page and the last page of the article should be mentioned.

For example, 421–435 or 421–35. Both these representations include the first page and the last page.
Some journals specify that only the first page of the article (noninclusive page numbers) should be provided. In that case, you would write only 421 instead of 421–435 or 421–35.


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Avoid wordiness

くどい表現について

Wordiness in academic writing

In academic writing, it is best to avoid wordy constructions to express your meaning as clearly as possible. Given below are few examples of how wordy constructions can be replaced with more concise words or phrases.
“Concerning the matter of”  “About”
“During the course of”  “During”
“Due to the fact that”  “Because”
“In the event that”  “If”

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Usage of articles with techniques and method names

冠詞の使い方
Usage of articles (a/an/the) in technique and method names

Technique or method names such as “microscopy” and “spectroscopy” are uncountable nouns and do not take articles. However, equipment names such as “microscope” and “spectroscope” will take articles.

That is,
Incorrect: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Correct: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Correct: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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Usage of "as well as"

“as well as”の利用について

◎Usage of “as well as”

The phrase “as well as” is used when you want to mention another item connected with the subject you are discussing. However, note that it does not substitute the word “and”; that is, it does not compound/join words, phrases, or clauses. When using this phrase, the noun placed before “as well as” determines the number.

For example,

Incorrect: Dopamine, as well as norepinephrine, are a link between noradrenergic nerve terminals and splenocytes.

Correct: Dopamine, as well as norepinephrine, is a link between noradrenergic nerve terminals and splenocytes.

Also correct: Free radicals as well as nonradical oxidants are involved in the oxidative modification of LDL in vivo.

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