Inclusive page numbers

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ジャーナルフォーマット：ページ番号について

Journal Formatting: Inclusive page numbers

When the guidelines for end-list references state that the page numbers should be inclusive, it implies that the first page and the last page of the article should be mentioned.

For example, 421–435 or 421–35. Both these representations include the first page and the last page.
Some journals specify that only the first page of the article (noninclusive page numbers) should be provided. In that case, you would write only 421 instead of 421–435 or 421–35.


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Avoid wordiness

くどい表現について

Wordiness in academic writing

In academic writing, it is best to avoid wordy constructions to express your meaning as clearly as possible. Given below are few examples of how wordy constructions can be replaced with more concise words or phrases.
“Concerning the matter of”  “About”
“During the course of”  “During”
“Due to the fact that”  “Because”
“In the event that”  “If”

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Usage of articles with techniques and method names

冠詞の使い方
Usage of articles (a/an/the) in technique and method names

Technique or method names such as “microscopy” and “spectroscopy” are uncountable nouns and do not take articles. However, equipment names such as “microscope” and “spectroscope” will take articles.

That is,
Incorrect: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Correct: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Correct: After identifying the locations of the spots, we removed the glass cover and examined the cathode surface using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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Usage of "as well as"

“as well as”の利用について

◎Usage of “as well as”

The phrase “as well as” is used when you want to mention another item connected with the subject you are discussing. However, note that it does not substitute the word “and”; that is, it does not compound/join words, phrases, or clauses. When using this phrase, the noun placed before “as well as” determines the number.

For example,

Incorrect: Dopamine, as well as norepinephrine, are a link between noradrenergic nerve terminals and splenocytes.

Correct: Dopamine, as well as norepinephrine, is a link between noradrenergic nerve terminals and splenocytes.

Also correct: Free radicals as well as nonradical oxidants are involved in the oxidative modification of LDL in vivo.

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Usage of commas in dates

日付に使用するコンマについて(I)

◎Usage of commas in dates

In American English, comma usage in dates depends on the date style.
If the date is given as month, day, year, then place a comma after the day and the year.

For example,
Thank you for your decision letter dated October 4, 2007, regarding the manuscript…
*Do not use commas when there is no mention of the day.
For example, Plutonium was discovered in March 1940.

In British English, comma is placed only after the year to set the date off from the remainder of the sentence.

For example,
Thank you for your decision letter dated 4 October 2007, regarding the manuscript…


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Words not to capitalize in a title

タイトルの大文字について

◎Which words should not be capitalized in a title?

Follow these guidelines to decide which words NOT TO capitalize in a title (unless they are the first or the last words in a title).
--articles (a, an, the)
--coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)
--the word “to” that marks infinitives (to walk, to run, to play)
--prepositions (stylistic: some style guides advocate capitalizing longer prepositions, e.g., between, among, throughout)

Example: Direct Determination of the Energy Required to Operate a Single Molecule Switch

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Usage of the term "Overview"

“Overview” の使い方

◎Usage of Overview

An “overview” of a situation is a general understanding or description of it as a whole. This word should only be used as a noun, and not a verb. That is,

Incorrect: This paper overviews the properties of long wavelength optical amplifiers.
Correct: This paper presents an overview of the properties of long wavelength optical amplifiers.

In the incorrect example, “overview” can also be replaced by a suitable verb, such as “review” or “examine.” That is,

Also correct: This paper reviews the properties of long wavelength optical amplifiers.

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